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(Terms
used in indigenous systems of medicine are italicised)
A
ABCESS:
a swollen, inflamed area in the body tissues, in which pus gathers.
Abhisyanda: see
Ophthalmia.
Abhyantara:
see Oral, Enteral.
ABLUTIONS: usually a washing of the body, especially as a
religious ceremony.
ABORTIFACIENT: a drug which
induces expulsion of a foetus.
ACRID: bitterly
pungent.
ACUTE:
the rapid appearance of signs and symptoms of an illness.
Acne: inflammatory disease of
pilosebaceous units; a pimple
[mukhadushika,
yuvanapidaka].
Adjuvant: a
substance that functions as a vehicle for a drug
(anupana) or augments the function of another
substance.
AEROBE:
a microorganism whose growth
requires free oxygen.
AETIOLOGY: a)
science dealing with causes and/or origins of diseases; b)
causes of a specific disease.
Agalactia:
non-secretion or imperfect secretion of milk after childbirth.
AFFECTION:
bodily state due to malady.
AGGLUTINATION:
the
clumping of free cells as effected by the specific
immune
antibodies or proteins called ‘agglutinins’, present in
the
medium.
Agglutinin:
specific factors present in the medium that clump free cells or
precipitate
protein matter.
Agnimandya:
see Dyspepsia.
Alexeteric:
protective against infection, venom and poison.
ALEXIPHARMIC:
an antidote against poison [vishagna].
Aliquot:
an equal part contained by the
whole of an integral number of times.
Alkali:
kshara, a special medicine prepared from burnt ash of
plant and minerals.
ALOPECIA:
loss of hair especially on the head; baldness [viloma, indralupta].
Alterative:
medicine that alters processes of nutrition.
Amenorrhoea:
absence of menses.
AMENTIA:
loss of memory;
mental deficiency.
AMBERGRIS:
a grayish, waxy substance from the
intestine of sperm whales, often found
floating in tropical seas; used in some perfumes.
Amlapitta:
see Biliousness.
Anaerobe:
a microorganism that grows only in (or
best in) the absence of free oxygen
but utilizes bound oxygen.
Analeptic:
restorative, stimulating the
central nervous system.
Analgesic:
a drug that relieves pain.
ANASARCA:
a) generalized edema, or dropsy;
b) defused dropsy in skin and subcutaneous tissue.
Andavriddhi:
see Orchitis.
ANTACID:
a
substance that neutralises acidity.
Anesthetic:
a drug that causes insensibility to stimuli, loss of
sensation [supthi].
Anjana:
see Collyrium.
Anodyne: a drug that relieves pain.
ANOREXIA: lack
of appetite for food.
ANTAGONIST:
a muscle, drug, etc., that acts in
opposition to or counteracts another.
Antenatal: before birth [garbhini
charya].
Anthelmint(H)ic:
a remedy for the destruction of
intestinal worms.
ANTHRAX:
an infectious hemorrhagic disease of wild and domesticated
animals, especially
cattle and sheep, which is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis
and
transmitted to people by ingestion, inhalation or inoculation causing
malignant
black pustules.
Anticolic:
against severe pain in the abdomen caused by spasm of intestines
[shulaghna].
ANTIDOTE:
a) remedy for particular poison that acts chemically upon the
poison, rendering
it harmless; b)
substance that counteracts the poison
Antidiuretic:
that reduces the volume of urine
output.
Antiemetic:
any agent that prevents nausea and
vomiting
Antifebrile:
any agent that reduces or allays
fever.
Antihaemorrhagic:
any agent that prevents haemorrhage.
Anti-inflammatory:
an agent that prevents inflammation.
ANTILITHIC:
any medicine that
prevents the formation or development of calculi, as of the urinary
tract.
ANTINEOPLASTIC: a) prevents
formation of abnormal tissue; b) tumour, which may be benign or malignant
ANTINIDATORY:
a
substance which prevents development of focal points of infection.
Antiparasitic:
agents that discourage parasites.
ANTIPERIODIC:
preventing the periodic return of attacks of disease, as of certain fevers,
especially malaria.
ANTIPHLEGMATIC:
acts against abounding in or generating phlegm.
Antipruritic:
substance that relieves itching [kandughna].
Antipsoriatic:
preventing or reliving psoriasis.
Antipyretic:
any agent that allays fever.
ANTISCORBUTIC:
a remedy or prevention for scurvy, as vitamin C.
Antisepsis:
prevention against infection,
putrefaction or decay.
Antiseptic:
any
substance that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
ANTISPASMODIC:
relieving or preventing spasms, especially of smooth muscles
[shulaghna].
Antitoxin:
any agent capable of neutralizing a
toxin or toxoid that stimulated its production.
Anupana:
see Adjuvant.
Apasmara:
see Epilepsy.
Aperients:
drugs that stimulate evacuation of
the bowel.
Aperiodic:
not recurring at intervals.
Aphagia:
inability to swallow.
APHRODISIAC:
drug said to produce sexual excitement or increase sexual desire
[vrushya,
vajikara].
Aphthae:
small grey area around the mouth
causing ulceration.
Apoplexy:
sudden unconsciousness usually caused by cerebral embolism,
haemorrhage
or thrombosis.
Appendicitis:
inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
Appetizer:
any substance taken to increase the
inclination for food.
Arbuda:
see Tumour.
Arsha:
see Haemorrhoids.
Arteriosclerosis:
accompanied by deposits of carbohydrates, fats etc., along
inner arterial walls.
ARTHRALGIA:
pain
in a joint or joints.
Arthritis:
inflammation of a joint.
ASCITES: an accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity of
the abdomen
[jalodara].
Ashmari:
see Calculi.
Asthenic:
lack of strength; weakness.
Astringent: an agent that contracts organic
tissue, thus lessening secretion.
ASPHYXIA:
loss of consciousness as a result of too little oxygen and too much
carbon
dioxide in the blood; suffocation causes asphyxia.
Atonic:
wanting degree of firmness or
tension proper to strong and healthy organs
or tissues of the body.
Atrophy:
diminution in size and function.
AUSCULTATION:
listening,
often with aid of; stethoscope, to sounds in the chest, abdomen, etc so
as to; determine the condition of the heart, lungs, etc.
B
Bactericidal:
lethal to bacteria.
Bacteriostatic:
inhibiting bacterial growth without
killing the organism.
Bahya:
external.
BALANTIDIASIS:
disease
caused by infection with Balantidium coli in large
intestine
resulting in diarrhoea/dysentery.
Barrenness: sterile, unable to bear
young [vandhya].
Basti:
see Enemata.
Beri-beri:
a deficiency disease caused by the
lack of vitamin B1; occurs mainly in
those countries where the staple diet is polished rice.
Bilious:
pertaining to excess of bile.
Biliousness:
mild upset of liver caused by dietary indiscretion [amlapitta].
Bitters:
the bitter extracts of a substance,
which are used as stomachics.
Blackwater fever: fever associated with dark
coloured urine due to the presence of decomposed haemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)
following chronic faciparum.
Blenorrhagia:
a copious mucous discharge.
Boils:
inflamed swelling on skin; furuncle; change from liquid to gas or
vapour accompanied
by evolution of bubbles [vidradhi].
Bowel binder:
arrests watery stools [grahi].
Bronchitis:
inflammation of bronchial mucous
membrane [kasa].
BUBOES:
an
inflamed swelling of a lymph node, especially in the armpit or groin.
C
CALCULI:
stone-like mass composed of mineral
substances, formed in passages which transmit secretions (fluids) or in
cavities that store secretions; gall-stones;
stones in kidney or bladder. [renal: mutrashmari; biliary: pittashmari].
CARBUNCLES:
a painful bacterial infection
(especially Staphylococcus aureus) causing a network of
pus-filled boils, deep beneath the skin [kotha].
Cardialgia:
pain in the heart.
Cardiotonic:
increasing the tonicity of the
heart.
CARMINATIVE: a) causing gas to be expelled
from the stomach and intestine;
b)
drug to aid digestion and relieve flatulence-ginger, peppermint, etc., [pachaka].
Carnositis:
fleshiness; fleshy; protuberance growing in and obstructing any part of
body.
CATHARTIC:
drug
that causes evacuation of bowels; purgative.
Cataract:
clouding of eye-lens resulting in poor vision, sore eyes, and headache
etc.,
[timira, linganasa].
CATARRH:
inflammation
of a mucous membrane, especially of the nose or throat,
causing
an increased flow of mucus.
CAUTERY:
burning tissue with caustic or hot iron (no more in use), so as to
destroy
dead
or unwanted tissue, to prevent the spread of infection.
CEPHALALGIA:
headache.
CEPHALIC:
pertaining
to the head.
CERVICAL:
a) pertaining to the neck;
b) anatomy of the neck or a cervix.
CHANCRE: a hard nodular swelling, especially in the primary stages of
syphilis.
Chemotherapy:
the treatment of disease by the use
of chemicals that inhibit or kill the causative agents
without injuring host the cells or tissues.
CHIROPRACTIC:
the
art and science of restoring or maintaining health, practiced by a
licensed professionals, based on the theory that disease is caused by
interference with nerve function, and employing manipulation of the body
joints, especially of the spine, to restore normal nerve function.
Cholagogue:
a drug that causes an increased
flow of bile from the gall bladder into the duodenum [pittasravaka].
CHOLERA:
highly infectious intestinal disease that often proves fatal,
characterisedby
bilious vomiting and purging.
Chronic:
recurrent
or of long duration.
CHYME:
the thick, semi fluid mass resulting from gastric digestion of food; it
passes from the stomach into the small intestine, where the
chyle is formed from it.
Cicatrical:
an
overgrowth of scar tissue, which may produce a contraction and
deformity.
Cirrhosis:
hardening
of an organ; degenerative change in the liver with resulting fibrosis.
CICATRIZER:
to heal with the formation of a scar.
COITUS:
sexual intercourse.
COLIC:
a) severe pain in abdomen caused by spasm of intestine;
b) acute abdominal pain caused by various abnormal conditions in
the stomach.
Coliform: Gram-negative, lactose
fermenting rods, including Escherichia coli
and other species that normally inhabit the colon.
Colitis:
inflammation of the colon
accompanied by ulcerative lesions.
COLLYRIUM:
any
medicated preparation for the eyes; eyewash, soothing eyewater,
ointment [anjana].
Condylomata: Highly infectious moist, warty excrescence found in the moist
areas in the body.
Constipation:
infrequent and difficult evacuation of
faeces due to insufficient food
or fluid intake or to sluggish or disordered action of the bowel
musculature or nerve
supply.
onsumption:
destruction: wasting disease- pulmonary tuberculosis [sosa,ksaya].
CONSUMPTIVE
MALADIES: of,
having, or relating to tuberculosis of the lungs.
Contusions:
a bruise; slight bleeding into tissues whilst the skin remains unbroken.
CONVULSIONS:
a) fits: involuntary contractions of voluntary muscles;
b) a violent, involuntary contraction or spasm of the muscles.
Corrective: changes,
counteracts or modifies something harmful.
Coryza:
an acute upper respiratory
infection of short duration.
Counter-irritant:
an
agent which when applied to the skin produces an inflammatory reaction
relieving congestion in the underlying
organs.
Cystitis:
inflammation of the bladder.
CYTOTOXIC:
any
substance that can kill cells.
D
Debility:
lack or loss of strength; weakness.
DECONGESTANTS:
a) a medication or treatment that relieves
congestion, as in the nasal
passages; b) act
against the abnormal accumulation of blood in any part of
body.
Delayed
labour:
breech presentation [mudagarbha].
Delirium:
abnormal mental condition based on hallucinations or illusion;may
occur due to fever; mental
disturbance marked by illusion [manasika roga].
Depilatory:
that removes unwanted hair [romashathana].
DEMULCENT:
soothing
agent; one that reduces irritation.
DENGUE:
an infectious tropical disease transmitted
by mosquitoes and characterised
by severe pains in the joints and back, fever and rash.
Deobstruent:
removal of obstruction.
Dermatitis:
inflammation of the skin.
DESPONDENCE:
dejection;
depression; loss of courage or hope.
Dhumapana:
smoking.
Diabetes: disease characterised by excessive discharge of urine.
Diabsorbent:
unable to absorb.
DIAPHORESIS:
increased sweating; artificially induced sweating;perspiration,
especially when profuse
Diarrhoea: deviation from
established bowel rhythm characterised by increased frequency
and fluidity of stools.
DIPHTHERIA:
an
acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Cornyebacterium dephtheriae
and characterized by weakness, high fever, the formation in the air
passages of a tough, membrane like obstruction to breathing, and the
production of a potent neurotoxin
Discutient:
causing
the dispersal or disappearance of a pathologic condition, such
as a tumour.
Disease due to overfeeding:
santarpanajanya roga.
Disease of the head:
shiroroga [headaches, hemicranias].
Disease of the oral cavity:
mukha roga [dental, gum, tongue, palate
and throat].
Diuretic:
drug that stimulates increased excretion of urine [mutrala].
Dosha:
see Humour.
DOUCHE:
jet of fluid (watery liquid) directed against body externally
or into body
cavity,
usually through rectal or vaginal passage especially as a bath or
treatment [uttara basti].
Dropsy:
accumulation
of watery fluid in serous cavities or the connective tissues
of
the body [shotha].
Dusta vrana:
foul wounds, ulcers.
Dysentery:
inflammation of the bowel with evacuation of blood and mucous
accompanied
by tenesmus and colic.
DYSPEPSIA:
a) indigestion;
b) pain or discomfort associated with eating or function of
digestive system [agnimandya].
DYSPNOEA:
difficulty
in breathing.
DYSURIA:
difficult
or painful urination [mutrakricchra].
E
ECZEMA:
a) a
noncontagious skin disorder of unknown cause, characterized byinflammation,
itching, and the formation of scales;
b) skin disease wherein parts of skin become reddish with
numerous small papules which turn into vesicles.
Electuary:
medicinal powder mixed with honey or syrup.
Elephantiasis:
a chronic filarial disease, caused by a nematode parasite, resulting
in a gross enlargement of legs and thickening of skin.
Elimination therapy:
emesis, purging and analeptic enema. [shodhana].
ELIXIR:
a sweetened, aromatic solution used as a
vehicle for a medicine or alcohol, or a non-medicated flavouring.
Embrocation:
liquid
used for rubbing a bruised part.
Emesis:
vomiting.
EMMENAGOGUE:
a)
medicine intended to restore menses; b)
anything used to stimulate the menstrual flow.
EMOLLIENT:
substance
that softens and soothes skin or mucous membrane.
Emphysema:
gaseous
distension of the tissues.
ENCEPHALITIS:
inflammation
of the brain.
Endothelioma: a malignant tumour of endothelial cells.
Endotoxins:
lipopolysaccharides that are derived from the cell walls of Gram-negative
micro-organisms and have toxic and fever causing effects
when
injected in vivo.
Enemata:
a liquid injected into the rectum [basti].
Enteral:
oral, pertaining to small intestine [abhyantara].
Epithelioma:
a malignant growth on skin.
Epilepsy:
chronic functional disease of nervous system manifested by
recurring attacks
of sudden unconsciousness [apasmara].
Epistasis:
a
film that forms on urine, when allowed to stand.
Epistaxis:
bleeding
from the nose.
ERRHINE:
promoting nasal discharge [sirovirechana, nasya].
ERUCTATION:
belching.
Eruptions:
breaking
out of rash on skin or mucous membrane.
ERYSIPELAS:
acute
contagious disease of the skin or mucous membrane causedby
species of Streptococcus, and characterized by local
inflammation and fever.
Erythema:
rash or red patches on the skin.
EUGENICS:
science
of improving the population by control of inheritedcharacteristics.
Evacuant:
an
agent that causes the emptying of the bowel.
Evil spirit possession:
infantile and adulthood psychiatric problems [graha].
Excoriations:
superficial
injury to the skin or mucous membrane.
Excrescences:
abnormal protuberance of the tissue.
Expectorant:
a
drug that promotes ejection of phlegm from lung airways by coughing.
F
Facultative:
adjustable.
Fermented beverage:
self generated alcoholic preparation [asava, arista].
Febrifuge:
medicine
to reduce fever.
Febrile:
feverish.
Fibroma:
tumour composed of fibrous tissue.
FILARIASIS:
a
tropical disease caused by filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes; the
worms invade lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissue, causing chronic
swelling of the lower extremities and other parts of the body [slipada].
FISTULAE:
abnormal
passage leading from an abscess cavity or hollow organ to
surface of body [nadi
vrana].
Flatulence:
gastric
and intestinal distension with gas.
Foetid:
stinking.
Fomentation:
application of mild heat by warm water or medicinal fluid or a wet cloth dipped in them [upanaha].
FLATULENCE:
distension
of stomach or bowels by gases formed during digestion.
FLATUS:
gas
in, or expelled from, the stomach or intestines.
G
GALACTAGOGUE:
an agent that
stimulates or increases the secretion of milk
[stanyajanana].
Galaganda:
see Goitre/ Tumour.
GANGRENE:
decay
of tissue in a part of the body when the blood supply isobstructed
by injury, disease, etc.
Garbhini charya:
see Antenatal.
Gastrocolic: pertaining to the stomach and colon.
Gastroenteritis:
inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine due to
bacterial infection.
GERIATRICS:
the branch of medicine that deals with the
diseases and problems of old
age.
Germicidal:
an agent that kills germs.
GIARDIASIS:
intestinal infection by the
parasitic protozoan, Giardia
lamblia, that
may cause prolonged pain, diarrhoea, etc.
Glandular swelling:
granthi, apachi.
Gleet:
thin
morbid discharge from wound, ulcer or from urethra.
Glycosuria: the presence of sugar in the urine.
Goitre:
abnormal enlarged of thyroid gland [galaganda].
GOITROGEN:
substance
that causes goitre.
Gonorrhoea:
venereal
disease characterized by inflammatory discharge of
mucous
from urethra or vagina.
GOUT:
a hereditary form of
arthritis resulting from a disturbance of uric acid
metabolism, characterized by
an excess of uric acid in the blood and deposits of uric
acid salts, usually in the
joints of the feet and hands, especially in the big toe
[vatarakta].
Graha:
see Evil possession.
Grahani:
see Sprue.
Grahi:
see Bowel binder.
Gravid:
Pregnant.
Gripe:
colic.
Gulma:
abdominal tumour.
Gynaecological problems:
diseases of female reproductive organ, i.e.,
Yoniroga; itching
growth in vagina [acarana];
inverted uterus [antarmukhi];
amennorrhoea [arajaska];
chronic vaginitis [aticarana]; inflamed cervix [karnini];
prolapsed uterus [maha
yoni]; acute vaginitis [paripluta]; menstrual disorders
[pradara]; deflorative vaginitis [prakcarana];
recurrent abortion [putraghni];
menorrhagia [raktayoni];
dysmenorrhoea [udavartini]; leucorrhoea [upapluta];low
of deposited semen [vamini].
H
Haematemesis:
the
vomiting of blood.
Haemoptysis:
the
coughing up of blood [raktastvana].
HAEMORRHAGE:
discharge
of blood from blood vessels.
Haemorrhoids:
swollen
varicose veins around the anus; piles [arsha].
Haemostatic:
any
agent, which arrests bleeding [rakthastambhaka].
HALLUCINATION:
a) apparent perception of sights, sounds,
etc., that are notactually
present; it may occur in certain mental disorders;
b) imaginary objects apparently seen, sounds heard, etc.
Helminthiasis:
the
condition resulting from infestation with worms.
Hemagglutination:
the
clumping of red blood cells.
Hemicrania: confined to one side of head; neuralgia of half of head.
Hemiplegia:
paralysis
of one side of the body.
Hemolysis:
the
disruption of red blood cells with the leakage of erythrocytes.
Hepatitis:
inflammation
of the liver.
Hepatoma: tumour originating in the liver.
Hepatomegaly:
enlargement of liver.
Hepato protective:
agents that protect the liver.
Herpes:
vesicular
eruption due to a viral infections [kaksha, visarpa].
Hernia:
abnormal protrusion of part of organ through wall of the cavity containing
it [antravriddhi].
HISTAMINE:
white crystalline substance found in body tissue in small
amounts, lowers the blood pressure by dilating blood vessels, stimulates
gastric secretion, etc.
Hoarseness:
inflammation of vocal cords (larynx); causes difficulty in
speaking due to rough voice [svara bheda, svara bhanga].
Hodgkin’s
disease:
malignant disease of lymphatic system.
HumoUr:
anatomical nomenclature to designate certain body material [dosha
–vata, pitta, kapha].
Hydrocele:
accumulation of serous fluid in sacculated cavity or tunica
vaginalis
of testis or in spermatic cord, resulting in swelling.
Hydrogogue:
agent that causes the discharge of watery fluid by acting
either
on the kidney or intestine or through the skin.
HYDROPHOBIA:
a) abnormal fear of water;
b) rabies in man, the viral disease transmitted by bite of
infected animal such as a
dog.
Hypermetrorrhagia:
excessive uterine bleeding [pradara].
Hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure; extreme tension.
Hypochondria:
imaginary illness; nervous malady often arising from
indigestion or morbid
anxiety about health.
HYPOGLYCEMIA:
an
abnormally low concentration of sugar (glucose) in theblood
due to which brain function becomes impaired.
Hyponatraemia:
abnormally low sodium ion concentration in blood.
HYPOTHYROIDISM:
a)
inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones;
b) deficient activity of the thyroid gland.
HYSTERIA:
a) a psychiatric condition variously
characterized by emotional excitability, excessive anxiety, sensory and
motor disturbances, or the unconscious simulation of organic disorders,
such as blindness, deafness, etc.;
b) neurosis usually arising from mental conflict and repression.
I
IATROGENIC:
a disease or symptoms, induced by the treatment or comments, of a
physician.
ICTEROGENIC:
that
causes jaundice.
Impetigo:
a
Streptococcal or Staphylococcal bacterial skin infection.
IMPOTENCY:
failure
of male to perform the sexual act because of inability to achieve penile
erection and/ or ejaculation (different from male sterility).
Impurities of breast milk:
disordered lactation [sthanya dosha].
INDIGENOUS:
native,
original, home grown, local.
Indolent
tumour:
a tumour that is painless but to heal.
Indralupta:
see Alopecia.
Induration:
process of becoming extremely firm or hard.
Inflammation:
reaction
of tissues to injury, infection or irritation characterized by pain,
swelling, redness and heat.
Influenza:
infectious viral disease with fever, severe aching, and catarrh.
Infusion:
an
aqueous solution containing the active principle of a drug, made by
pouring
boiling water on the crude drug.
INNOCUOUS:
that
does not injure or harm, harmless.
Insanity:
mental derangement [manasa roga].
Insomnia:
inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness.
Intermittent
fever:
fever occurring at intervals.
J
Jalodara:
see Ascites.
Jaundice:
yellowish staining of integument and deeper tissues caused by
liver
disease, bile disorder, etc.
K
Kaksha:
see
Herpes.
Kandughna: see
Antipruritic.
Kapha:
manifestation of the cosmic principles of placcid cooling
characteristics in the
living body; the transport of the body fluids to their proper places,
growth; supply of
mucous substances to the systems and fluids to sensory organs and
binding materials,
and taste perceptions are caused by this. This corresponds to the
functions of the lymphatic systems of
the body.
Kasa:
see Bronchitis.
Keloid:
new growth of scar tissue or tumour, may be tender or painful; these growths often tend to
recur after removal.
Kotha:
see Carbuncle.
Kshara:
see Alkali.
Kshaya:
see Consumption.
Kusta:
see Skin disease.
Keratoconjunctivitis:
inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
L
Lachrymatory:
an agent that induces the outflow of tears.
Lactogogue:
substance
that stimulates lactation.
Lactogenic:
stimulating
milk production.
Languor:
fatigue.
LAXATIVE:
tending
to make lax; specifically, making the bowels loose to relieve
constipation.
LAX
MUSCLE: slack;
of a loose texture; not rigid or tight.
LESHMANIASIS:
disease caused by species of Leshmenia.
Lesion:
pathological
change in a bodily tissue.
Leucopaenia: lower-than-normal leucocytes count.
Leucorrhoea:
a
sticky, whitish vaginal discharge [sveta pradara].
Leukemia: malignant progressive proliferation of abnormal leucocytes
found in blood.
LIGATURE:
a thread
or wire used to tie up an artery, etc.
LINCTUS:
a soothing
cough medicine.
Liniment:
a liquid to be applied to the skin by gentle friction.
Linganasha:
see Cataract.
Lithiasis:
predisposition to excess of uric acid; calculi formation [mutra
sarkara,
asmari].
Local:
a specific affected part [sthanika].
LOZENGE:
four-sided
diamond shaped figure; a cough drop or candy, originally in
this
shape.
LUMBAGO:
rheumatic
pain in the lumbar region; backache, especially in the lowerpart
of the back.
LYMPHOMA:
a) benign tumour of lymphatic tissue;
b) any of a group of diseases characterised by progressive
enlargement of lymphoid tissue resulting from the proliferation of
malignant lymphoid cells.
Lymph
sarcoma:
Sarcoma in the lymph nodes.
M
Manasa
roga:
see Delirium, Mania.
Mania: phase of mental disorder [manasa
vikara, mada, murcha].
Measles: acute infectious viral disease with red rashes.
Melaena:
black,
tar-like stools, evidence of intestinal bleeding.
MELANCHOLIA:
mental
disorder, often psychotic, characterised by extreme depression of
spirits, brooding and anxiety.
Melanoma:
malignant.
Menarche:
beginning of menstrual function [artava darshana].
MENINGITIS:
inflammation
of the meninges, especially as a result of infection by bacteria or
viruses; symptoms include, headache, nausea, vomiting and occipital
rigidity; disturbances in consciousness are observed in severe cases.
Menorrhagia:
an
excessive regular menstrual flow.
Micturition:
the
act of passing urine.
Migraine:
a symptom complex of periodic headaches, usually temporal and
unilateral, often with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or
diarrhoea, and photophobia, preceded by constriction of the cranial
arteries.
MONGOLISM:
person
sufferings from Down’s syndrome (group of congenital defects)
characterised by mental retardation and distinct facial features.
MONOECIOUS:
individual
in which male and female reproductive organs are separated in different
reproductive structures i.e. in male and female flowers but both type of
flowers are present on the same plant.
Mud eating anemia: reduction of erythrocytes due to eating mud [mrttika
bhakshana janya pandu].
Mudha garbha:
delayed labour.
Mukha dushika:
see Acne.
Mukha
roga:
see Diseases of oral cavity.
Musculo skeletal disorder:
an array of diseases due to vitiated vata,
including
paralysis, polio and various rheumatic disorders [vata roga].
Mutra krichra:
see Dysuria.
Mutrala:
see Diuretic.
MYALGIA:
pain
in muscles.
Myeloid:
pertaining to the granulocyte precursor cells in the bone marrow.
N
Nadivrana:
see Fistula.
Narcotic: drug that relieves pain and induces sleep; large doses may
cause coma,
convulsions, stupor or even death.
Nasya:
see Errhine
Nausea:
a
feeling of sickness without actual vomiting.
Neoplasm:
morbid new growth or formation of abnormal tissue; tumour which may be
benign or malignant.
Nephritis:
inflammation of kidney.
Nephrolithiasis:
the presence of stones in the kidney.
NEPHROSIS:
a
degenerative disease of the kidneys, characterised by generalised oedema,
protein in the urine, and an increase in serum cholesterol.
Neuralgia:
affection
of nerves causing intense intermittent pain.
Neurasthenia:
an
uncommon nervous condition consisting of fatigue, over sensitivity
and irritability.
Neuritis: inflammation of a nerve.
New
Castle Disease: an
acute viral disease of birds, particularly chicken. It occasionally
produces accidental infections in man usually a mild conjunctivitis.
O
Odontalgia: toothache.
Oedema:
abnormal
infiltration of tissues with fluid [shotha].
OESTROGEN:
female
sex hormone.
OleagEnous:
capable
of producing oil.
Oleation:
treatment with oily or fatty substances [snehana].
OLFACTORY:
sense
of smell.
ONTOGENY:
history of individual development of an
organised being, from
conception to adulthood.
Ophthalmia:
inflammation
of the eyes affecting the conjunctiva.
OPHTHMOLOGY:
study
of eye, its anatomy, function and disease.
Orchitis:
inflammation of the testis [anda vriddhi].
OSTEOPATHY:
a)
method of bone-treatment by massage and manipulation;b) school of
medicine and surgery employing various methods of diagnosis and
treatment, but placing special emphasis on the inter-relationship of the
musculo-skeletal system to all other body systems.
Osteoarthritis:
Degenerative arthritis, may be primary, or may follow injury or
diseases, involving the articular surfaces of synovial joints.
Otalgia:
earache.
Otilis: inflammation of the ear.
Otorrhoea:
a
discharge from the external auditory meatus (outer ear).
OTORHINOPHARYNGOLOGY:
branch
of medical science pertaining tostructure,
function and disease of ear, nose and throat.
Ototoxicity:
harmful effect on ear, especially the nerves.
Ozaene: fetid nasal ulceration, or discharge from nostrils.
P
Pachaka:
see Carminative.
Palliative:
affording relief but no cure.
PALSY:
a) paralysis; complete or partial loss of
control or feeling in muscles ;b) paralysis of any voluntary muscle as a
result of some disorder in the nervous
system, sometimes accompanied with involuntary tremours.
Paludism:
swamp
fever (malaria).
Panchakarma:
five important therapies in Ayrveda; emesis [ vamana],
purging [rechana], analeptic
enema [ asthapana basti], nutrient
enema [ anuvasana
basti],
and errhine [nasya]
Paratyphoid:
an
enteric fever (but less severe and prolonged than typhoid)
caused by Salmonella paratyphii A and B and rarely C.
Parotid tumour:
Salivary gland tumour.
Parturition: act of giving birth to an infant.
Pathya:
see Wholesome.
Pectoral:
pertaining
to the breast.
PEMPHIGUS:
potentially serious skin
disease marked by formation of watery blisters
on skin, sometimes with itching.
Pellagra:
a
deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin B complex and
protein.
Pessary:
wick placed in vagina or rectum; suppository [varti].
Phantom tumours of abdomen:
hardening and swelling of the spleen
[gulma];
pseudotumour.
PhImosis:
congenital narrowness or constriction of the foreskin, which
prevents it
from being drawn back over the glans penis;
circumscribe swelling of the penis due to
infection [shuka roga].
Phlegm:
the
secretion of mucous expectorated from the bronchi.
PHLEGMATIC:
abounding in or
generating phlegm; not easily excited (hard to
rouse to action).
PHTHISIS:
old term for pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Piles:
varicosity of the veins around the anus.
Pitta:
manifestation of the fiery principle [tejas]; this humour
is responsible for the characteristic pigment, body heat, digestion and
metabolism, vitalising functions of the heart, vision, gloss and
brightness of the body; these functions correspond to the functions of the main
organs of the body and also to the metabolic combustion.
Placebo:
a harmless substance given as medicine for
the psychological satisfaction of the patients or in clinical trial of
drugs.
Plantar: sole of the foot.
Pleura: thin serous membrane covering lungs and lining walls of
pleural cavity.
Pleuritis: inflammation of pleura.
poison: a substance causing illness
or death when eaten, drunk, or absorbed even in relatively small
quantities; although
used in a general sense for all harmful substances,
strictly pertains to inorganic substances such as mercury, arsenic,
etc.; see Toxin
and Venom.
POLIOMYELITIS:
disease especially of children, caused by
a virus resulting in an inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal
chord; it is accompanied by
paralysis of various muscle groups that sometimes atrophy, often
resulting in permanent deformities.
Polydipsia:
excessive
thirst [ trsna].
Polyp:
Pedunculated (many footed) tumours arising from surface of mucous
membrane.
Polyphagia:
excessive hunger [atyagni].
Polyuria:
excretion of excessive amount of dilute urine.
Post partal:
after delivery [ sutika].
POULTICE:
soft, usually hot
dressing, applied to a sore or inflamed part of the body.
Pradara:
see Hypermetrorrhagia.
Pratishyaya:
see Rhinitis.
PROGNOSIS:
forecast,
especially of the course of a disease, by symptoms.
Prolapse:
the
descent of a structure.
Pruritus:
intense itching.
Psoriasis:
a
chronic skin disease in which erythematous areas are covered with
adherent scales; the scales produce a diagnostic, silvery sheen.
PSYCHEDELIC:
of or
causing extreme changes in the conscious mind, as hallucinations,
delusions, intensification of awareness and/or sensory perception.
PSYCHOACTIVE:
a
drug, chemical, or any substance, that has a specific effecton
the mind.
PTOSIS:
drooping
of upper eyelid due to paralysis.
Pueperal:
pertaining
to child birth.
PURGATIVE:
drug-causing
evacuation of faeces, usually in the fluid form.
PURPURA:
spontaneous,
non-traumatic seeping of blood from capillaries into skin; may take form
of small red patches or large oozing plaques [raktapitta].
Purulent:
resembling
pus.
Pustule:
a
small inflammatory swelling containing pus.
Puyameha:
see Sexually transmitted disease [gonorrhoea].
Pyogenic:
pertaining
to the formation of pus.
Pyrexia:
fever.
R
RABID:
affected by
rabies.
Raktapitta:
see Purpura.
Rakthastivana:
see Hemoptysis.
REFRIGERANT:
a) cooling or freezing agent such as ice,
solid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, etc.;
b) a medicine used to reduce fever.
Relaxant:
a
drug which reduces tension.
RENAL
CALCULUS:
stone in the kidney.
Resolvent:
drug, which returns a diseased tissue to
normalcy.
restorative:
to
restore health or strength; a medicine with this effect.
Retinoblastoma:
malignant tumour of retina occurring only in children.
Rheumatism:
a
disorder of the connective tissue resulting in pain, stiffness and
swelling of muscles and joints.
Rhinitis:
inflammation
of the nasal mucous membrane [pratisyaya].
RICKETS:
a disease of the skeletal system, chiefly
of children, due to an insufficiency of Vitamin D and exposure to
sunlight, resulting in low levels of calcium salts in the bone;
characterized by a softening and, often, bending of the bones.
RigoUr:
failure to react to stimulus under unfavourable conditions; rigid
irresponsive
state caused by sudden shock [saitya].
Romashathana:
see Depilator.
RUBELLA:
a
mild infectious, communicable virus disease, characterized by swollen
glands, especially of the back, head and neck, and small red spots on
the skin; German measles.
RUBIFACIENT:
any
external application that reddens the skin.
S
SANGUINE:
a)
cheerful and confident, optimistic, hopeful disposition of a person;b)
in medieval physiology, having the warm, passionate, cheerful
temperament and thehealthy, ruddy complexion of one in whom the blood is
the predominant humour.
Sarcoma:
malignant overgrowth derived from cells of the connective tissue.
Scabies:
a
contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes
scabiei; accompanied by intense itching and eczema caused by
scratching.
SCAPULA:
shoulder
blade; triangular in shape with big broad flat portion (blade)and
a ridge (spine) at the back.
Sciatica:
pain
on the buttock, back of the thigh, calf and foot.
SCIRRHOMA:
hard swelling; cancer.
SCLEROSIS:
hardening of tissue.
Scorbutic:
the
old name for scurvy.
Scrofula:
tuberculosis
of bone or lymph glands, especially of the neck.
SCURVY:
disease
caused by deficiency of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid); symptomsinclude
fatigue, sponginess of gums and hemorrhage.
Sedative:
drug
which soothes.
SENELITY:
weak
in body or mind because of old age; characteristic of old people.
Septicaemia:
the
persistence and multiplication of living bacteria in the blood
stream.
Sexually
transmitted diseases:
syphilis and gonorrhoea [upadamsa and puyameha].
Shaitya:
see Rigour.
Shirovirechana:
see Errhine therapy.
Shodhana:
see Elimination therapy.
Shosha:
see Consumption.
Shotha:
see Dropsy.
Shulaghna:
see Anticolic.
Shuka
roga:
see Phymosis.
Shwasa:
see
Bronchitis.
Sialagogue:
an
agent, which increases the flow of saliva.
Sinew:
tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone and tendon.
Sinusitis:
inflammation of the sinus.
Skin
disease:
itching red papules [alasa], easily bursting eruptions [carmadala], extensive
eczema [carma kusta], localised eczema [eka kusta], ring
worm [dadru], malignant
growth [kakana], erythema [kapala], fresh leprous lesion [kilasa],
hard rough
discolored dermatosis [kitima], urticarialdermatosis[mandala],mild dermatosis
[pama], ulcerated dermatosis [pundarika], suppurated [rsyajihva], gangrenous
[shataru], psoriasis [sidhma], acute non healing sore [udumbara],
scabies [vicarchika],
dermatosis with fissures in the extremities [viaduct].
Snehana:
see Oleation.
Soundavi
ROGA: respiratory
disease.
SPASTICITY:
increased
tension of muscle(s) with exaggeration of deep reflexes andsome
loss of muscles control.
Spermatorrhoea:
involuntary
discharge of semen without orgasm.
SPIROCHAETE:
slender, flexible, spiral-shaped bacteria,
some of which are parasitic
Splenitis:
inflammation of the spleen.
Splenomegaly:
enlargement of the spleen.
Spruce:
a syndrome of chronic mal-absorption [grahani].
Stanya
janana:
see Galactogogue.
Stanya
shodhana:
purifier of breast milk.
Sthanika:
see Local.
Stimulant:
an
agent, which excites or increases function.
Stomachic:
an
agent, especially bitters, which increases appetite.
Stomatitis:
inflammation
of the mouth.
Strangury:
slow
and painful urination.
Strumous:
cushion-like
cellular dialatation of an organ.
StupoUr:
a
marked impairment, but not complete loss of, consciousness.
Styptic:
an
astringent applied to stop bleeding.
Sudation:
excretion of the sweat [svedana].
Sudorific:
an
agent, which induces sweating [svedakari].
Suppository:
an easily fusible medicated mass to be introduced into an orificeof
the body [varti].
SUPPURATION:
the formation of pus [paka, dusta, puya vrana].
Supthi:
see Anaesthetic.
Svara
bheda, bhanga: see
Hoarseness.
Svedana:
see Sudation.
SvetHapradara:
see
Leucorrhoea.
SYNERGIST:
drug
that increases efficacy of another drug when taken together.
SYNOVIA:
clear,
aluminous lubricating fluid in joints, secreted by the synovial membrane.
SYPHILIS:
an
infectious venereal disease caused by a spirochete (Treponema pallidum)
and usually transmitted by sexual intercourse or acquired congenitally;
if untreated, it can ultimately lead to degeneration of bones, heart,
nerve tissue, etc.
T
Tachycardia:
excessively rapid heartbeat.
Taeniacide: an agent that destroys tapeworms.
Taeniafuge:
an
agent that expels tapeworm.
TETANUS:
an
acute infectious disease, often fatal, caused by specific toxin of a
bacillus (Clostridium tetanii) which usually enters the body
through wounds: tetanus is characterized by spasmodic contractions and
rigidity of some or all of the voluntary muscles, especially of the jaw,
face and neck; lockjaw.
Thermogenic:
which produces heat.
Thrombocytosis:
increase in the number of platelets in the blood.
THROMBOPHLEBITIS:
inflammation
of vein, associated with blood clot.
Tinnitus:
a buzzing, ringing or
roaring sound in the ear.
Tonic:
a
state of continuous muscular contraction.
Topical:
local.
TOURNIQUET:
a
device, cord or rubber tube, to press upon artery and prevent
flow of blood through it.
Toxaemia:
a
generalized poisoning of the body by the products of bacteria ordamaged
tissue.
TOXIN:
a harmful substance of plant origin (e.g.: cholera toxin,
podophyllotoxin).
TOXOPLASMOSIS:
disease, characterized by enlarges glands
and fever, caused by the protozoan,
Toxoplasma gondii, which
occurs commonly in birds and domestic animals; transmitted to man
through undercooked meat, contaminated soil or by direct contact.
TRANQUILLISERS:
drug
used as a calming agent in relieving and controlling various emotional
disturbances, anxiety, neurosis, and certain psychoses.
Trauma:
body
injury.
Trishna:
see Polydipsia.
TRYPANOSOMIASIS:
any
disease caused by a trypanosome.
Tumour:
morbid swelling; abnormal mass of cells resulting from excessive
cellular multiplication (arbuda), single or chain of tumours
around the neck (galaganda or gandamala).
Tympanitesa:
abdominal
distension due to accumulation of gas in the intestine.
TYPHUS:
infection
marked by severe headache, widespread rash, prolonged high fever and
delirium.
U
Udarda:
see Urticaria.
Ulcer: perforation or lesion on skin or mucous surface caused by
superficial loss of tissue(s), usually accompanied by
inflammation.
Upadamsha:
see Chancre and Sexually transmitted disease
Upanaha:
see
Fomentation
UNGUENT:
ointment.
URAEMIA:
toxic
condition associated with renal inefficiency and retention of excess of
urea and other waste materials in the body.
Urticaria:
an allergic skin eruption [sita pitta,
udarda].
Uttarabasti:
see Douche
Uterotonic:
a
drug that restores the uterus to normal health.
V
Vaginal
discharges:
foetid discharges from the vagina [yonisrava].
Vajikara:
see Aphrodisiac
Vandhya:
see Barrenness.
Varti:
see Pessary.
Vata:
a humour responsible for desirable equilibrium between other
humours, physiological
elements [dhatu] and agni [heat]; the functions of vata
or vayu correspond
to the functions of cerebrospinal and sympathetic nerves of modern physiology.
Vata rakta:
see Gout.
VDRL:
Venereal
Disease Research/Reference Laboratory.
VENOM:
a harmful substance of animal origin (e.g., bee venom, snake venom).
Vermifuge:
an
agent that expels intestinal worms.
Vertigo:
giddiness.
VESICANT:
anything
that causes blister(s).
Vidradhi:
see Boils.
VIRILISM:
development in female, of body hair,
muscle bulk, deepening of voice
and male psychological characteristics [Vrshya, vajikara].
Visarpa:
see
Herpes.
Vishaghna:
see Alexipharmic.
Vitiligo:
leukoderma, depigmented patches in the skin [svithra].
VIVISECTION:
surgical
operation on living animals for experimental purposes.
VomiT:
ejection
of the stomach contents through the mouth.
Vrana
paka:
see Suppuration.
Vriddhi:
see Hernia.
Vrshya:
see Aphrodisiac
Vulnerary:
drug
used for healing wounds.
W
Warts:
benign
growth on skin; rounded thickness of epidermis;
protuberance on skin.
Wen: Sebaceous cyst.
Whitlow: abscess on finger especially around the nail.
Wholesome:
nutritive, congenial [pathya].
Y
Yoni
roga:
see Gynaecological problems.
Yuvanapidaka:
see Acne.
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